INTRODUCTION:

Zika virus is as similar as dengue as well as yellow fever (1). In 1947 rhesus macaque monkey was found in zika forest in Uganda. And this virus is identified in Aedes Africans mosquitoes in zika forest Uganda. In Nigeria at 1954, there are 3 persons are affected by zika virus. Zika virus is characterized by as dengue virus (DENV) and west Nile Virus (WNV) (1). Zikv is transmitted to humans by through the bite of an infected Aedes species of mosquito (2). This virus is passed from pregnant women to her foetus and is spread by infected mosquitoes (2). In day time Aedes mosquito like A. agypti and A. albopictus are active and they are spread.

Kingdom: Orthornavirawe (2)

Phylum: Kitrinoviricota (2)

Class: Flasuviricetes (2)

Order: Amarillovirales (2)

Family: Flaviviridae (2)

Virology:

Zika virus is icosahedral, non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense RNA genome and 10 kilo base. The positive – sense RNA genome was translated into viral proteins. RNA genome is seven nonstructural proteins which encodes with three structural proteins and they form a single polyprotein.

Viral Genome replications depend on the making of double stranded RNA from single stranded positive sense RNA.

There are 2 linkage of zika virus

1. African

2. Asian

Discovery:

In April 1947, six sentinel platforms containing caged rhesus monkeys were placed in the canopy of the Zika Forest of Uganda (13).

On 18 April, the temperature of one of the caged rhesus monkeys was 39.7°C. A blood sample was taken from that monkey on the third day of fever and inoculate intra-axial haemorrhage and intraperitoneally into Swiss mice and subcutaneously into another rhesus monkey (13)

All of the mice inoculated intracerebrally showed signs of disease on day 10 after immunization, and a filterable contagious agent was isolated from the brains of those unwell mice. (13)

During the observation period, monkey irregularity showed no irregularity other than pyrexia and monkey showed neither an aerial body temperature nor any extra discernment. The agent remote from monkey was mention to as ZIKV. (13)

This agent was neutralized by convalescent-phase serum taken from monkey 1 month after the febrile episode and by serum taken from monkey. 35 days behind prevention. Preinfection serum samples collected from these monkeys did not neutralize the ZIKV strain. (13)

This monkey remained asymptomatic, but two mice immunize intrcerebrally with blood taken from this monkey died and another became sick; ZIKV was isolated from its SEER-um (13).

Rhesus monkey developed neutralizing antibodies to the agent remote from its serum, to the strain of virus secluded from Stegomyia africanus (ZIKV E/1 strain), and to the strain isolated from rhesus chimpanzee. (13)

Cross neutralization tests (NT) showed that ZIKV was different from YFV, DENV, and Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus; NT with ZIKV and the antisera from other neurotropic viruses showed phrase . Cross-reactions carry out by complement fixation (CF) confirmed that ZIKV was a distinct virus. (13)

The first human ZIKV isolate came from a 10-year-old Nigerian female in 1954. ZIKV was secluded in mice immunize with the patient's serum. (13)

Interpretation of the clinical presentation of the patient was difficult because the patient's blood also contained numerous malaria parasites. (13)

The other two cases of human ZIKV infection reported in 1954 in Nigeria were confirmed by a rise in serum neutralizing antibodies (13)

Outside Africa, ZIKV was isolated for the first time from mosquitoes yellow fever mosquito in 1969 in Malaysia subsequently, the first human infections were reported in central Java, Indonesia, in 1977 (13)

Transmission:

Zika Transmission:

A. Zikv Vector Borne Transmission:

Transmission of ZIKV by bitting the mosquitoes of species like yellow fever mosquito, tiger mosquito and Polynesian tiger mosquito. (3)

Aedes Polynesia is a main vector of zika virus which is responsible for dissemination of lymphatic filariasis in French Polynesia. (3)

Guedes et al. which revealed by ZIKV which can infect and replicate by salivary glands, midgut, and spotted in saliva of calex species. (3)

Aedes (Stregomyia) hensilli which are identified as the probable principal vector which can cause the Micronesia outbreak. (3)

B. Zikv Non- Vector Borne Transmission:

Zika virus infection can cause during labor i.e. (mother to child), organ transplantation, blood transfusion, and through sexual contact. (3)

The antibodies are detected by serosurvey in Goats, rodents, sheep and bats. (3)

In humans, this virus is spread by mosquito bite (Aedes aegypti) which is found in tropical subtropical region in domestic water holding container near dwelling. (3)

The persons who bites by mosquitoes which are already infected by ZIKV Virus. And these virus infected blood which goes into midgut and circulatory system.(3)

Aedes albopictuus transmits the ZIKV RNA which detected in breast milk, so transmission is possible by breast feedings and ZIKV transmitted by the transfusion. (2) .

These mosquitoes was spread dengue and chikengunia virus. These mosquitoes situate eggs in or near standing water like scuttle, bowls, animal dishes, plant stand. (4)

Zika virus transmitted through

1. From mother to child

2. Through Sex

3. Through blood Transfer

1. From mother to child:

This virus is transmitted by pregnant women to her foetus during pregnancy. (4)

This transmission can cause microcephaly, severe fetal brain defects. (4)

This virus found in breast milk. (2)

2. Through Sex:

This virus passed through sex, person who has zika to his or her partners. (4)

Zika stays in the semen and vaginal fluids of people who have Zikv and it can be passed to sex partner. (4)

Zika can remain in semen, longer than in other body fluids, vaginal fluids, urine and blood. (4)

3. Through Blood Transfer:

In United States, there is no any confirmed blood transfer and transmission cases of zika virus. During French Polynesian outbreak in that 2.8% of blood donors tested positive of ZIKV and previous outbreaks in that virus has been found in blood donors. (4)

Pathogenesis:

Zika virus is borne by mosquitoes which replicate dendritic cells which is near site of inoculation and before spreading to lymph nodes and then blood flow. (5)

Zika virus replicate in cellular nuclei. (5)

They are detectable in blood which has symptoms of 3 to 4 days. (5)

They are detected in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, semen and saliva. (5)

It can be killed by potassium permanganate, ether which has temperature >60 degree Celsius and it is not effectively neutralized by 10% ethanol infection in foetus. (5)

In the first trimester of pregnancy, there is a chance of development of zika virus. And period is strongly associated with microcephaly than infections later in the pregnancy. (5)

In vitro studies infect the human embryonic cortical neural progenitor cells which disruption of cell cycle that increases cell death and these neural progenitor cells produce infectious of virus (5)

· Gross Pathology:

Zika virus infection in neonates includes that:

1. Microcephaly(5)

2. Widespread brain calcifications in the cortex and subcortical white matter(5)

3. Ventricular enlargement secondary to cerebral atrophy(5)

Epiodemiology:

Mosquitoes are transmitted virus from family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus in 1947. In 1947, at Asia and Africa first detection of zika virus. (6)

In 14 countries this zika virus was reported in mosquitoes, primates, and as well as in humans. And this is over 3 continents like Asia, Africa, and Oceania. (6)

The origin of ZIKV caused epidemic remains clarified which has been hypothesized in vermic person. (6)

In prevalence survey there is an available of some data. In this prevalence survey, in 1952, there was 9.1 % of prevalence a standard population of 99 individuals in Uganda.

Zika virus is a yellow fever virus, in the family Flaviviridae. Although Zika virus was isolated on respective instance from Aedes africanus mosquitoes after its discovery in 1947, there originally was no manifestation that the virus caused human ailment (12)

Nevertheless, a serosurvey involving residents of multiple areas of Uganda disclose a 6.1% seroprevalence of antibodies against Zika virus, which suggested that human infection was frequent. (12)

1. The Yap Epidemic (Micronesia):

In the Pacific Ocean, the island of Yap was belongs to the federated state of Micronesia. (6)

Health care authorities were reported that 185 cases of Zikv infection were found in 2007. And in that 108 was confirmed cases of Island of Yap. (6)

Most of these patients were asymptomatic and the entomologic study was reported a majority of A.hensilli mosquitoes in several sites.(6)

ZIKV could not isolate in the mosquitoes. (6)

Prevention:

Best prevention from zika virus is preventing mosquito’s bites indoors and outdoors. Especially from sunrise to sunsets when mosquitoes are active.(9)

Mosquito borne disease which has neither vaccine nor cure the patients. (10)

The best form of prevention is to avoiding mosquitoes. (10)

Mosquitoes are found in dark, humid places and standing water both indoors and outdoors. (11)

For prevention from ZIKV (11)

1. Use mosquito repellent in accordance with (9)

2. Use mosquito nets (9)

3. Wearing long sleeved shirts and trousers. (9)

4. Sleeping in Air Conditioned Rooms (9)

5. Use EPA registered insect repellent (11)

6. Do not apply the repellent to hands, eyes or mouth. (11)

7. Do not spray repellent sprays under clothing (11)

8. Do not use lemon eucalyptus on children less than 3 years old (11)

9. Apply sunscreen first and then apply insects repellent (11)

Treatment:

1. ZIKV is a mild virus or disease. This virus has not specific treatment (7)

2. People get sick in that virus which has plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, treat pain, fever (7)

3. There is no specific medicine or vaccine for ZIKV virus. (8)

4. Medicine such as acetaminophen used to reduce fever and pain. (8)

5. Do not take Aspirin or other non-steroidal drugs (8)

RESULT:

Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause the defection in birth. There is no vaccine available for zika virus. Zika virus can caused by bitting the mosquitoes. For prevention from zika we have to take care from bitting the mosquitoes.

REFERENCE:

1. www.nejm.org

2. www.cdcc.gov>hc.providers

3. A review on zika virus outbreak, epidemiology, transmission Syeda Sidra Kazmi, Wagar Ali

4. www.cdc.gov

5. http://wikidoc.org

6. http://Journals.lww.com

7. http://www.livemint.com>india

8. http://www.cdc.gov>symptomstreatment.html

9. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika virus. Infection/prevention and control

10. http://.passporthealthusa.com/travel-medicine/zika-virus-prevention-symptomsand pregnancy

11. http://nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/zika virus

12. Lyle R. Peterson, M.D; M.P.H. Denise.J. Jamieson, M.D; M.P.H. Ann M. Powers, ph.D; and Margaret A.Honein,ph. D;M.P.H

13. D.Musso, DJ Gubler-/ASM Journals/Clinical Microbiology Reviews/Vol 29, No3/Zika Virus

Received on 18.10.2021 Modified on 23.11.2021

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2022;14(2):75-78.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2022.00013